Since the fall of Muammar Gaddafi's regime in 2011, Libya has become an open arena for intense regional and international competition, with Russia and Turkey taking center stage as the most prominent external actors seeking to expand their influence and promote their geopolitical interests at the expense of Western and Arab powers.
Despite the apparent coordination and freeze on hostilities between the two parties, their continued military presence has contributed to deepening Libya's divisions and impeding political settlement efforts.
This report explores the complex collaborations and rivalries between Moscow and Ankara, showing how the two capitals have become more open to building pragmatic relationships with yesterday's adversaries inside Libya in an effort to consolidate positions of influence and control.
However, Libya's state of division and the fragile balances between factions remain an impediment to realizing their long-term goals, which cannot be achieved without a unified Libyan government with genuine legitimacy.
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